MAKALAH TEKHNOLOGI SEDIAAN STERIL VOLUME KECIL (AMPUL DAN VIAL)

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXmhSgsGO1ThYYxZJ5nG-e97pBYZxzqe8tp22VmYy5R99dULmCq2vzSbEtcLtfGZbCSyD7eAQltGAc64pSDD-YFkvDmNVpHYtqk0fRyewVqZtgNPJtyQhgCOF-9QmjMsddErfQzcgNr6kv/s1600/Vial-and-Ampoule.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXmhSgsGO1ThYYxZJ5nG-e97pBYZxzqe8tp22VmYy5R99dULmCq2vzSbEtcLtfGZbCSyD7eAQltGAc64pSDD-YFkvDmNVpHYtqk0fRyewVqZtgNPJtyQhgCOF-9QmjMsddErfQzcgNr6kv/s1600/Vial-and-Ampoule.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></b> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></b> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Salah satu bentuk sediaan steril adalah injeksi. Injeksi adalah sediaan steril berupa larutan, emulsi atau suspensi atau serbuk yang harus dilarutkan atau disuspensikan terlebih dahulu sebelum digunakan yang disuntikkan dengan cara merobek jaringan ke dalam kulit atau melalui kulit atau selaput lendir. Dimasukkan ke dalam tubuh dengan menggunakan alat suntik. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Suatu sediaan parenteral harus steril karena sediaan ini unik yang diinjeksikan atau disuntikkan melalui kulit atau membran mukosa ke dalam kompartemen tubuh yang paling dalam. Sediaan parenteral memasuki pertahanan tubuh yang memiliki efesiensi tinggi yaitu kulit dan membran mukosa sehingga sediaan parenteral harus bebas dari kontaminasi mikroba dan  bahan beracun dan juga harus memiliki kemurnian yang dapat diterima.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rumusan Masalah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa definisi Sediaan Injeksi Steril ?<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan rute Pemberian Sediaan Injeksi !<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa keuntungan dan Kerugian Sediaan Injeksi !<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan yang dimaksud Vial dan Ampul !<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan pengujian sediaan !<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui Definisi Sediaan Injeksi Steril.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui Rute Pemberian Sediaan Injeksi.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui Keuntungan dan Kerugian Sediaan Injeksi.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui Pengertian Vial dan Ampul.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui Pengujian Sediaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Defenisi Sediaan Steril Injeksi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Steril adalah keadaan suatu zat yang bebas dari mikroba hidup, baik yang patogen (menimbulkan penyakit) maupun apotogen atau nonpatogen (tidak menimbulkan penyakit), baik dalam bentuk vegetatif (siap untuk berkembang biak) maupun dalam bentuk spora (dalam keadaan statis tidak dapat berkembang biak, tetapi melindungi diri dengan lapisan pelindung yang kuat).<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak semua mikroba dapat merugikan, misalnya mikroba yang terdapat dalam usus yang dapat membusukkan sisa makanan yang tidak terserap oleh tubuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mikroba patogen misalnya Salmonella thyposa yang menyebabkan penyakit tifus dan E. Coli yang menyebabkan sakit perut.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sterilisasi adalah suatu proses untuk membuat ruang atau benda menadi steril. Sanitasi adalaha suatu proses untuk membuat lingkungan menjadi sehat.    (Syamsuni. 2007: 181)<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sediaan steril adalah bentuk sediaan obat dalam bentuk terbagi-bagi yang bebas dari mikroorganisme hidup. Pada prinsipnya, yang termasuk sediaan ini antara lain sediaan parental preparat untuk mata dan preparat irigasi (misalnya infus). Sediaan parenteral merupakan jenis sediaan yang unik diantara bentuk sediaan obat terbagi-bagi, karena sediaan ini disuntikkan melalui kulit atau membrane mukosa ke bagian tubuh yang paling efisien, yaitu membrane kulit dan mukosa, maka sediaan ini harus bebas dari kontaminasi mikroba dan dari bahan-bahan toksis lainnya, serta harus memiliki tingkat kemurnian yang tinggi. Semua bahan dan proses yang terlibat dalam pembuatan produk ini harus dipilih dan dirancang untuk menghilangkan semua jenis kontaminasi, apakah kontaminasi fisik, kimia, atau mikrobiologis (Priyambodo, B., 2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Farmakope Indonesia Edisi III, injeksi adalah sediaan steril berupa larutan, emulsi, suspensi atau serbuk yang harus dilarutkan atau disuspensikan terlebih dahulu sebelum digunakan, yang disuntikkan dengan cara merobek jaringan ke dalam kulit atau melalui kulit atau melalui selaput lendir (FI.III.1979).<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sedangkan menurut Farmakope Indonesia Edisi IV, injeksi adalah injeksi yang dikemas dalam wadah 100 mL atau kurang. Umumnya hanya larutan obat dalam air yang bisa diberikan secara intravena. Suspensi tidak bisa diberikan karena berbahaya yang dapat menyebabkan penyumbatan pada pembuluh darah kapiler.(FI.IV.1995)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut defenisi dalam Farmakope, sediaan steril untuk kegunaan parenteral digolongkan menjadi digolongkan menjadi lima jenis yang berbeda yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat larutan, atau emulsi yang digunakan untuk injeksi ditandai dengan nama injeksi, contohnya adalah injeksi insulin.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sediaan padat kering atau cairan pekat yang tidak mengandung dapar, pengencer atau bahan tambahan lain dan larutan yang diperoleh setelah penambahan pelarut yang memenuhi persyaratan injeksi. Sediaan ini dapat membedakannya dari nama bentuknya yaitu steril, contohnya Ampicilin Sodium steril.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sediaan seperti tertera pada no b, tetapi mengandung satu atau lebih dapar, pengencer atau bahan tambahan lain dan dapat dibedakan dari nama bentuknya.yaitu untuk injeksi, contohnya Methicillin Sodium untuk injeksi.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sediaan berupa susupensi serbuk dalam medium cair yang sesuai dan tidak disuntikkansacara intravena atau di dalam saluran spinal, dan dapat dibedakan dari nama bentuknya yaitu susupensi steril. Contoh Cortisao Suspensi steril.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sediaan padat kering dengan bahan pembawa yang sesuai membentuk larutan yang memenuhi semua persyaratan untuk suspensi steril setelah penambahan pembawanya yang sesuai. Dan dapat membedakannya dari nama bentuknya yaitu steril untuk suspensi. Contohnya Ampicilin steril untuk suspensi (Lukas, 2006 : 37).<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.6pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat dibuat steril karena berhubungan langsung dengan darah atau cairan tubuh dan jaringan tubuh lain yang pertahanannya terhadap zat asing tidak selengkap pada saluran cerna atau gastrointestinal, misalnya hati yang dapat berfungsi untuk menetralisir atau menawarkan racun (detoksikasi = detoksifikasi). Diharapkan dengan kondidi steril dapat dihindari adanya infeksi sekunder. Dalam hal ini tidak berlaku relatif steril atau setengah steril, hanya ada dua pilihan yaitu steril dan tidak steril.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.6pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sediaan farmasi yang perlu disterilkan adalah obat suntik inkesi, tablet implan, tablet hipodermik, dan sediaan untuk mata seperti tetes mata (guttae ophth), cuci mata (collyrium), dan salep mata (oculenta) (Syamsuni. 2007 : 181-182)<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rute Pemberian Sediaan Injeksi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intrakutan (i.k/i.c) atau intradermal<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.6pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dimasukkan ke dalam kulit yang sebenarnya, digunakan untuk diagnosis. Volume yang disuntikkan antara 0,1-0,2 ml, berupa larutan atau suspensi dalam air.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Injeksi subkutan (s.k/s.c) atau hipodermik<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.6pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Disuntukkan ke dalam jaringan di bawah kulit ke dalam alveolus, volume yang disuntikkan tidak lebih dari 1 ml. Umumnya larutan bersifat isotonis, pH netral, dan bersifat depo (absorpsinya lambat). Dapat diberikan dalam jumlah besar (volume 3-4 liter/hari dengan penambahan enzim hialuronidase), jika pasien tesebut tidak dapat menerima infus intravena.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intramuskular (i.m)<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.6pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Disuntikkan ke dalam atau di antara lapisan jaringan atau otot. Injeksi dalam bentuk larutan, suspensi, atau emulsi dapat diberikan dengan cara ini. Yang berupa larutan dapat diserap cepat, yang berupa emulsi atau suspensi diserap lambat. Volume penyuntikan antara 4-20 ml, disuntikkan perlahan-lahan untuk mencegah rasa sakit.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intravena (i.v)<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.6pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Disuntikkan langsung ke dalam pembuluh darah vena. Bentuknya berupa larutan, sedangkan bentuk suspensi atau emulsi tidak boleh diberikan melalui rute ini, sebab akan menyumbat pembuluh darah vena yang bersangkutan. Injeksi dibuat isotonis, tetapi ika terpaksa dapat sedikit hipertonis (disuntikkan secara lambat atau perlahan-lahan dan tidak memengaruhi sel darah); volume antara 1-10 ml. Injeksi intravena yang dberikan dalam dosis tunggal dengan volume lebih dari 10 ml disebut “infus intravena/infus/infundabilia”. Infus harus bebas pirogen, tidak boleh mengandung bakterisida, jernih, dan isotonis.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Injeksi i.v dengan volume 15 ml atau lebih tidak boleh mengandung bakterisida. Injeksi i.v dengan volume 10 ml atau lebih harus bebas pirogen.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intraarterium (i.a)<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.6pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Disuntikkan langsung ke dalam pembuluh darah arteri/ perifer/ tepi, volume antara 1-10 ml, tidak boleh mengandung bakterisida.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intrakordal/intrakardiak (i.kd)<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Disuntikkan langsung ke dalam otot jantung atau ventrikel, tidak boleh mengandung bakterisida, disuntikkan hanya dalam keadaan gawat.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intratekal (i.t), intraspinal, intrasisternal (i.s), intradural (i.d), subaraknoid<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.6pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Disuntikkan langsung ke dalam saluran sumsum tulang belakang didasar otak (antara 3-4 atau 5-6 lumbar vertebrata) tempat terdapatnya cairan cerebrospinal. Larutan harus isotonis karena sirkulasi cairan serebrospinal lambat, meskipun larutan anestetik untuk sumsum tulang belakang sering hipertonis. Jaringan saraf di daerah anatomi ini sangat peka.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intraartikular <o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.6pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Disuntikkan ke dalam cairan sendi di dalam rongga sendi. Bentuknya suspensi atau larutan dalam air.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Subkonjungtiva<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.6pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Disuntikkan ke dalam selaput lendir di bawah mata. Berupa suspensi atau larutan, tidak lebih dari 1 ml.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intrabursa<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.6pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Disuntikkan ke dalam bursa subcromillis atau bursa olecranon dalam bentuk larutan suspensi dalam air.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intraperitoneal (i.p)<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.6pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Disuntikkan langsung ke dalam rongga perut. Penyerapan berlangsung cepat, namun bahaya infeksi besar.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peridural (p.d), ekstradural, epidural<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.6pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Disuntikkan ke dalam ruang epidural, terletak di atas durameter, lapisan penutup terluar dari otak dan sumsum tulang belakang.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">                                                                   (Syamsuni, 2007: 196-198)<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keuntungan dan Kerugian Sediaan Injeksi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keuntungan : <o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 7.05pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bekerja cepat, misalnya injeksi adrenalin pada syok anafilaktik.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">   </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat digunakan untuk obat yang rusak jika terkena cairan lambung, merangsang jika masuk ke cairan lambung atau tidak diabsorpsi baik oleh cairan lambung.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemurnian dan takaran zat khasiat lebih terjamin.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">   </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daat digunakan sebagai depo terapi.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerugian :<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karena bekerja cepat, jika teadi kekeliruan sukar dilakukan pencegahan.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">   </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara pemberian lebih sukar, harus memakai tenaga khusus.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemungkinan terjadinya infeksi pada bekas suntikan.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">   </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara ekonomis lebih mahal dibandingkan dengan sediaan yang digunakan per oral.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">                                                                     (Syamsuni, 2007 : 228)<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ampul dan Vial <o:p></o:p></span></b></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Wadah berhubungan erat dengan produk. Tidak ada wadah yang tersedia sekarang ini yang benar-benar tidak reaktif, terutama dengan larutan air. Sifat fisika dan kimia mempengaruhi kestabilan produk tersebut, tetapi sifat fisika diberikan pertimbangan utama dalam pemilihan wadah pelindung (Lachman, 1994).<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ampul </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ampul adalah wadah berbentuk silindris terbuat dari gelas, yang memiliki ujung runcing (leher) dan bidang dasar datar ukuran normalnya adalah 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, kadang – kadang juga 25 atau 30 ml. Ampul adalah wadah takaran tunggal, oleh karena total jumlah cairannya ditentukan pemakainannya untuk satu kali injeksi (Voight, 1995).<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sediaan suntik dibuat secara steril karena sediaan ini diberikan secara parenteral. Istilah steril adalah keadaan bebas dari mikroorganisme baik bentuk vegetatif, nonvegetatif, pathogen maupun nonpatogen. Sedangkan parenteral menunjukkan pemberian dengan cara disuntikkan. Produk parenteral dibuat mengikuti prosedur steril mulai dari pemilihan pelarut hingga pengemasan. Bahan pengemas yang biasa digunakan sebagai sediaan steril yaitu gelas, plastik, elastik (karet), metal. Pengemasan sediaan suntik harus mengikuti prosedur aseptis dan steril karena pengemas ini langsung berinteraksi dengan sediaan yang dibuat, termasuk dalam hal ini wadah. Wadah merupakan bagian yang menampung dan melindungi bahan yang telah dibuat (Ansel,1989).<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wadah obat suntik (termasuk tutupnya) harus tidak berinteraksi dengan sediaan, baik secara fisik maupun kimia karena akan mengubah kekuatan dan efektifitasnya. Bila wadah dibuat dari gelas, maka gelas harus jernih dan tidak berwarna atau berwarna kekuningan, untuk memungkinkan pemeriksaan isinya. Jenis gelas yang sesuai dan dipilih untuk tiap sediaan parenteral biasanya dinyatakan dalam masing-masing monograf. Obat suntik ditempatkan dalam wadah dosis tunggal atau wadah dosis berganda (Ansel, 1989).<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wadah dosis tunggal adalah suatu wadah yag kedap udara yang mempertahankan jumlah obat steril yang dimaksudkan untuk pemberian parenteral sebagai dosis tunggal, dan yang bila dibuka tidak dapat ditutup rapat kembali dengan jaminan tetap steril (Ansel,1989)<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wadah dosis berganda adalah wadah kedap udara yang memungkinkan pengambilan isinya secara berulang tanpa terjadi perubahan kekuatan, kualitas atau kemurnian pada bagian yang tertinggal (Ansel, 1989)<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wadah dosis tunggal biasanya disebut ampul, tertutup rapat dengan melebur wadah gelas dalam kondisi aseptis. Wadah gelas dibuat mempunyai leher agar dapat dengan mudah dipisahkan dari bagian badan wadah tanpa terjadi serpihan-serpihan gelas. Sesudah dibuka, isi ampul dapat dihisap kedalam alat suntik dengan jarum hipodermik. Sekali dibuka, ampul tidak dapat ditutup dan digunakan lagi untuk waktu kemudian, karena sterilitas isinya tidak dapat dipertanggungjawabkan lagi. Beberapa produk yang dapat disuntikkan dikemas dalam alat suntik yang diisi sebelumnya dengan atau tanpa cara pemberian khusus. Gelas yang digunakan dalam mengemas sediaan farmasi digolongkan menjadi 4 kategori, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 520px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background: transparent; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 4.5pt 18.0pt 4.5pt 18.0pt; width: 70.9pt;" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 18pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gelas<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> <td style="background: transparent; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 4.5pt 18.0pt 4.5pt 18.0pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 18pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Komposisi<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> <td style="background: transparent; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 4.5pt 18.0pt 4.5pt 18.0pt; width: 4.0cm;" width="151"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 18pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sifat-sifat<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> <td style="background: transparent; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 4.5pt 18.0pt 4.5pt 18.0pt; width: 4.0cm;" width="151"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 18pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aplikasi<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background: transparent; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 4.5pt 18.0pt 4.5pt 18.0pt; width: 70.9pt;" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tipe 1<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> <td style="background: transparent; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 4.5pt 18.0pt 4.5pt 18.0pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Borosilikat<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> <td style="background: transparent; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 4.5pt 18.0pt 4.5pt 18.0pt; width: 4.0cm;" width="151"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Resistensi terhadap hidrolisis tinggi,eksporasi termal rendah<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> <td style="background: transparent; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 4.5pt 18.0pt 4.5pt 18.0pt; width: 4.0cm;" width="151"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sediaan parenteral asidik dan netral, bisa juga untuk sediaan alkali yang sama<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background: transparent; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 4.5pt 18.0pt 4.5pt 18.0pt; width: 70.9pt;" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tipe II<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> <td style="background: transparent; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 4.5pt 18.0pt 4.5pt 18.0pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kaca soda kapur (diperlukan dealkalisasi)<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> <td style="background: transparent; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 4.5pt 18.0pt 4.5pt 18.0pt; width: 4.0cm;" width="151"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Resistensi hidrolitik  relatif tinggi<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> <td style="background: transparent; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 4.5pt 18.0pt 4.5pt 18.0pt; width: 4.0cm;" width="151"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sediaan parenteral asidik dan netral, bisa juga untuk sediaan alkalin yang sesuai<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background: transparent; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 4.5pt 18.0pt 4.5pt 18.0pt; width: 70.9pt;" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tipe III<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> <td style="background: transparent; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 4.5pt 18.0pt 4.5pt 18.0pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kaca soda lapur (tidak mengalami perlakuan<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> <td style="background: transparent; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 4.5pt 18.0pt 4.5pt 18.0pt; width: 4.0cm;" width="151"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sama dengan tipe II, tapi dengan pelepasan oksida<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> <td style="background: transparent; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 4.5pt 18.0pt 4.5pt 18.0pt; width: 4.0cm;" width="151"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Cairan anhidrat dan produk kurang, sediaan parenteral jika sesuai<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background: transparent; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 4.5pt 18.0pt 4.5pt 18.0pt; width: 70.9pt;" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tipe NP<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> <td style="background: transparent; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 4.5pt 18.0pt 4.5pt 18.0pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kaca soda kapur (penggunaan umum)<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> <td style="background: transparent; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 4.5pt 18.0pt 4.5pt 18.0pt; width: 4.0cm;" width="151"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Resistensi hidrolitik sangat rendah<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> <td style="background: transparent; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 4.5pt 18.0pt 4.5pt 18.0pt; width: 4.0cm;" width="151"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hanya digunakan untuksediaaan non parenteral (oral, tipikal, dsb)<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tipe 1, 2 dan 3 dimaksudkan untuk produk parenteral<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dan tipe NP dimaksudkan untuk produk non-parenteral dan tipe itu dimaksudkan untuk penggunaan oral dan topical<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keempat kategori tersebut tergantung pada bahan kimia dari gelas tersebut dan kemampuannya untuk mencegah penguraian. Pembuatan sediaan farmasi harus memilih dan menggunakan wadah yang tidak mempengaruhi komposisi dan kestabilan dari produknya. Tipe 1 umumnya merupakan gelas yang paling tahan dari keempat kategori tersebut (Ansel,1989).<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Proses pengemasan dimulai dari :<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 85.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -71.45pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; padding: 0cm;">Pembersihan</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada umumnya, ampul kosong yang dipasarkan dalam keadaan terbuka memiliki leher yang lebar untuk memudahkan pembersihan dan pengisian. Dengan cara pengisian ampul berulang kali dengan cairan pencuci dan akhirnya dikosongkan dapat diperoleh ampul yang bersih dan menjamin bahwa seluruh partikel pengotor dan serpihan gelas telah dihilangkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam industri kecil, digunakan beberapa alat pencuci dimana ampul-ampul dipasang pada kanula dan air ditekan mengalir kedalam ampul melaui kanula bermantel. Suplai air dihentikan digantikan dengan aliran udara bertekanan yang menekan keluar sisa-sisa air sampai ampul mengering.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam industri besar, tersedia mesin-mesin pembersih ampul semiotomatis dan otomatis. Pada mesin pencuci otomatis pembersihan dilakuakan dengan cairan pencuci panas bersuhu 80C bertekanan tinggi (0,4 Mpa, 4 at) dimana serpihan gelas yang melekat erat pada dinding-dinding dan umumnya baru dapat dihilangkan pada saat sterilisasi melalui kerja panas, juga turut tercuci.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Setelah dilakukan penyemprotan dengan cairan pencuci umumnya masih diikuti 2xpencucian dengan air pada tekanan yang sama dan diakhiri dengan air suling (0,05 Mpa, 0,5 at) (voight,1995).<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 1.0cm; text-indent: -3.8pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; padding: 0cm;">Pengisian</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengisian ampul dengan larutan obat dilakuakn pada sebuah alat khusus untuk pabrik kecil atau menengah pengisian dilakukan dengan alat torak pengisi yang bekerja secara manual atau elektris. Melalui gerak lengannya larutan yangakan diisikan dihisap oleh sebuah torak kedalam penyemprot penakar dan melalui kebalikan gerak lengan dilakukan pengisiannya (voight,1995).<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: 1.0cm list 36.0pt; text-indent: -3.8pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; padding: 0cm;">Penutupan</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penutupan ampul dapat dilakukan dengan 2 cara. Pertama cara peleburan, dimana semburan nyala api diarahkan pada leher ampul yang terbuka dan ampul ditutup dengan membakar disatu lokasi lehernya sambil diputar kontinyu. Kedua cara tarikan, dimana seluruh alat penutup ampul otomatis yang digunakan dalam industri bekerja menurut prinsip ini<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada alat ini sebuah (atau juga 2 buah) semburan api diarahkan pada bagian tengah leher ampul. Setelah gelas melunak bagian atas leher dijepit dengan sebuah pinset (pada kerja manual), atau dilakukan oleh alat khusus (masinel) kemudian ditarik keatas kemudian ampul dapat ditutup.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Vial <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.5pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sediaan steril injeksi dapat berupa ampul, ataupun berupa vial. Injeksi vial adalah salah satu bentuk sediaan steril yang umumnya digunakan pada dosis ganda dan memiliki kapasitas atau volume 0,5 mL – 100 mL. Injeksi vial pun dapat berupa takaran tunggal atau ganda dimana digunakan untuk mewadahi serbuk bahan obat, larutan atau suspensi dengan volume sebanyak 5 mL atau pun lebih. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.5pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berdasarkan R.VOIGHT(hal 464) menyatakan bahwa, botol injeksi vial ditutup dengan sejenis logam yang dapat dirobek atau ditembus oleh jarum injeksi untuk menghisap cairan injeksi.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.5pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hal yang perlu diperhatikan untuk sediaan injeksi dalam wadah vial (takaran ganda):<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perlu pengawet karena digunakan berulang kali sehingga kemungkinan adanya kontak dengan lingkungan luar yang ada mikroorganismenya.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tidak perlu isotonis, kecuali untuk subkutan dan intravena harus dihitung isotonis (0,6% – 0,2%) (FI IV hal. 13).<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Perlu dapar sesuai pH stabilitasnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">   </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Zat pengawet (FI IV hal 17) keculai dinyatakan lain, adalah zat pengawet yang cocok yang dapat ditambahkan ke dalam injeksi yang diisikan dalam wadah ganda/injeksi yang dibuat secara aseptik, dan untuk zat yang mepunyai bakterisida tidak perlu ditambahkan pengawet.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">E.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengujian atau Pemeriksaan Sediaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah larutan injeksi ditutup-kedap dan distrerilkan, perlu dilakukan pemeriksaan, yang kemudian terakhit diberi etiket dan dikemas. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan meliputi :<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan kebocoran.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan sterilitas.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan pirogenitas.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan kejernihan dan warna.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan keseragaman bobot.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">f.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan keseragaman volume.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(pemeriksaan a-d diatas disebut pemeriksaan hasil akhir produksi)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan kebocoran<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mengetahui kebocoran wadah, dilakukan sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">   </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk injeksi yang disterilkan dengan pemanasan :<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ampul : disterilkan dalam posisi terbalik dengan ujung yang dilebur berada di bawah. Wadah yang bocor isinya akan kosong/habis atau berkurang setelah selesai sterilisasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">   </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vial : setelah disterilkan, masih dalam keadaan panas, masukkan ke dalam larutan dingin metilen biru 0,1%. Wadah yang bocor akan berwarna biru, karena larutan metilen biru akan masuk ke dalam larutan injeksi tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">   </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk injeksi yang disterilkan tanpa pemanasan atau secara aseptik/injeksi berwarna, diperiksa dengan memasukkannya ke dalam eksikator dan divakumkan. Pada wadah yang bocor, isi akan terisap keluar.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">        </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan sterilitas<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Uji ini dilakukan untuk menetapkan aa tidaknya bakteri, jamur, dan ragi yang hidup dalam sediaan yang diperiksa. Uji dilakukan dengan teknik aseptik yang cocok.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebelum dilakukan uji sterilitas, untuk zat-zat :<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">   </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengawet : larutan diencerkan dahulu sehingga daya pengawetnya sudah tidak bekerja lagi.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">   </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Antibiotik : daya bakterisidanya dinonaktifkan dulu, misalnya pada penisilin ditambah enzim penisilinase.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan pirogen<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pirogen adalah zat yang terbentuk dari hasil metabolisme mikroorganisme berupa zat eksotoksin dari kompleks polisakarida yang terikat pada suatu radikal yang mengandung unsur nitrogen dan fosfor, yang daat menimbulkan demam jika disuntikkan (reaksi terjadi setelah 15 menit samapi 8 jam). <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara menghilangkan pirogen :<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">   </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk alat atau zat yang tahan terhadap pemanasan (jarum suntik, alat suntik dan lain-lain) dipanaskan pada sushu 250°C selama 30 menit.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">   </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk aqua p.i bebas pirogen.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilakukan oksidasi dengan cara :<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Didihkan dengan larutan H2O2 1% selama 1 jam.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Satu liter air dapat diminum, ditambah 10 ml larutan KmnO4 0,1 N dan 5 ml larutan 1N, disuling dengan wadah gelas, selanjutnya kerjakan seperti pembuatan air untuk injeksi.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">   </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilakukan dengan cara absorpsi dari asbes. Lewatkan saring dengan penyaringan bakteri dari asbes pengabsorpsi 0,1 % (Carbon adsorbens 0,1% pada suhu 60°C selama 5-10 menit) sambil sekali-kali diaduk, kemudian disaing dengan kertas saring rangkap 2 atau dengan filter asbes.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">        </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan Kejernihan dan warna<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diperiksa dengan melihat wadah pada latar belakang hitam-putih, disinari dari samping. Kotoran berwarna akan terlihat pada latar belakang putih, kotoran tidak berwarna akanterlihat pada latar belakang hitam.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan Keragman Bobot<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">   </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hilangkan etiket 10 wadah; <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">   </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">cuci bagian luar wadah dengan air; <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">   </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">keringkan pada suhu 105°C; <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">   </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">timbang satu per satu dalam keadaan terbuka;<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">   </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">keluarkan isi wadah dan cuci wadah dengan air, kemudian dengan etanol 95%;<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">   </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">keringkan lagi pada suhu 105°C sampai bonot tetap;<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">   </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dinginkan dan kemudian timbang satu per satu.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bobot isi wadah tidak boleh menyimpang lebih dari batas yang tertera, kecuali satu wadah yang boleh menyimpang tidak lebih dari 2 kali batas yang tertera.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">f.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan Keragaman Volume<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk injeksi dalam bentuk cairan, volume isi netto tiap wadah harus sdikit berlebih dari volume yang ditetapkan. Kelebihkan volume yang dianjurkan tertera dalam daftra berikut ini :<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabel Keragaman Volume :<o:p></o:p></span></div> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 19.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"> <tbody> <tr style="height: 16.8pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td rowspan="2" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 145.2pt;" width="194"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Volume Pada Etiket<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 283.1pt;" width="377"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Volume Tambahan yang Dianjurkan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 9.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 9.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 130.6pt;" width="174"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cairan Encer<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 9.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 152.5pt;" width="203"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cairan Kental<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 16.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 145.2pt;" width="194"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,5 ml<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 130.6pt;" width="174"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,10 ml (20%)<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 152.5pt;" width="203"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,12 ml (24%)<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 16.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 145.2pt;" width="194"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1,0 ml<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 130.6pt;" width="174"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,10 ml (10%)<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 152.5pt;" width="203"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,15 ml (15%)<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 16.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 145.2pt;" width="194"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2,1 ml<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 130.6pt;" width="174"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,15 ml (7,5%)<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 152.5pt;" width="203"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,25 ml (12,5%)<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 16.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 145.2pt;" width="194"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5,0 ml<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 130.6pt;" width="174"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,30 ml (6%)<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 152.5pt;" width="203"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,50 ml (10%)<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 16.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 145.2pt;" width="194"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">10,0 ml<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 130.6pt;" width="174"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,50 ml (5%)<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 152.5pt;" width="203"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,70 ml (7%)<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 16.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 145.2pt;" width="194"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">20,0 ml<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 130.6pt;" width="174"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,60 ml (3%)<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 152.5pt;" width="203"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,90 ml (4,5%)<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 16.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 145.2pt;" width="194"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">30,0 ml<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 130.6pt;" width="174"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,80 ml (2,6%)<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 152.5pt;" width="203"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1,20 ml (4%)<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 17.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 145.2pt;" width="194"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">50,0 ml atau lebih<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 130.6pt;" width="174"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2,00 ml (4%)<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 152.5pt;" width="203"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3,00 ml (6%)<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB III<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level2 lfo21; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level3 lfo21; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sediaan injeksi adalah sediaan steril berupa larutan, emulsi, suspensi atau serbuk yang harus dilarutkan atau disusupensikan terlebih dahulu sebelum digunakan secara perenteral, suntikan dengan cara menembus, atau merobek jaringan kedalam atau melalui kulit atau selaput lendir.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level3 lfo21; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rute-rute sediaan injeksi :</span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intrakutan (i.k/i.c) atau intradermal; Injeksi subkutan (s.k/s.c) atau hipodermik; Intramuskular (i.m); Intravena (i.v); Intraarterium (i.a); Intrakordal/intrakardiak (i.kd); Intratekal (i.t), intraspinal, intrasisternal (i.s), intradural (i.d), subaraknoid; Intraartikular ; Subkonjungtiva; Intrabursa; Intraperitoneal (i.p); dan Peridural (p.d), ekstradural, epidural.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level3 lfo21; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keuntungan dan Kerugian : <o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keuntungan :Bekerja cepat, misalnya injeksi adrenalin pada syok anafilaktik; Dapat digunakan untuk obat yang rusak jika terkena cairan lambung, merangsang jika masuk ke cairan lambung atau tidak diabsorpsi baik oleh cairan lambung; Kemurnian dan takaran zat khasiat lebih terjamin dan saat digunakan sebagai depo terapi.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerugian : Karena bekerja cepat, jika teadi kekeliruan sukar dilakukan pencegahan; Cara pemberian lebih sukar, harus memakai tenaga khusus.; Kemungkinan terjadinya infeksi pada bekas suntikan; dan Secara ekonomis lebih mahal dibandingkan dengan sediaan yang digunakan per oral<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level3 lfo21; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ampul adalah wadah berbentuk silindris terbuat dari gelas, yang memiliki ujung runcing (leher) dan bidang dasar datar ukuran normalnya adalah 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, kadang – kadang juga 25 atau 30 ml. Ampul adalah wadah takaran tunggal, oleh karena total jumlah cairannya ditentukan pemakainannya untuk satu kali injeksi.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vial adalah salah satu wadah dari bentuk sediaan steril yang umumnya digunakan pada dosis ganda dan memiliki kapasitas atau volume 0,5-100 ml. Vial dapat berupa takaran tunggal atau ganda. Digunakan untuk mewadahi serbuk bahan obat, larutan atau suspensi dengan volume sebanyak 5 mL atau lebih besar. Bila diperdagangan, botol ini ditutup dengan sejenis logam yang dapat dirobek atau ditembus oleh jarum injeksi untuk menghisap cairan injeksi.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level3 lfo21; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengujian atau Pemeriksaan Sediaan<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level5 lfo21; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan kebocoran.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level5 lfo21; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan sterilitas.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level5 lfo21; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan pirogenitas.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level5 lfo21; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan kejernihan dan warna.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level5 lfo21; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan keseragaman bobot.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level5 lfo21; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan keseragaman volume.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level2 lfo21; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saran<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diharapkan agar kedepannya kita dapat menemukan sediaan yang lebih baik lagi agar pengobatan lebih bervariasi dan semakin memudahkan untuk manusia. <o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dan semoga makalah ini dapat bermanfaat bagi kita semua.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: center;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: center;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: center;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: center;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: center;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: center;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: center;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: center;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: center;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: center;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: center;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: center;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: center;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: center;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: center;"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR  PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: center;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif";">Ansel,H.C., (1989).<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0cm;">Pengatar Bentuk sediaan Farmasi.</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"> </span></i></span>Edisi 4. UI Press. Jakarta.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dirjen POM. 1979. Farmakope Indonesia. Jakarta : Departemen Kesehatan RI.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dirjen POM. 1995. Farmakope Indonesia. Jakarta : Departemen Kesehatan RI.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Lachman dkk. 1994. Teori Dan Praktek Farmasi Industri. Jakarta : UI Press<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Priyambodo, B. 2007. Manajemen Farmasi Industri. Global Pustaka Utama. Yogyakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Syamsuni. 2007. Ilmu Resep. Jakarta : Penerbit Buku Kedokteran.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Voight. R,.(1995).<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Buku Pelajaran Teknologi Farmasi</span></em>. Penerjemah Dr. Soendani Noerono. Edisi Kelima. Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"> <br /></div> </div>

MAKALAH TEKHNOLOGI SEDIAAN STERIL VOLUME KECIL (AMPUL DAN VIAL)

BAB I PENDAHULUAN A.   Latar Belakang Salah satu bentuk sediaan steril adalah injeksi. Injeksi adalah sediaan steril berupa laru...

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